PD Dr. Klaus Landwehr, Assoc.Prof.
Privatdozent der
Bergischen Universität-Gesamthochschule Wuppertal
01.04.01
- 31.03.03:
Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Psychologisches Institut
II - Allgemeine und Angewandte Psychologie
Fliednerstraße
21, D-48149 Münster
Bundesrepublik
Deutschland (Germany)
Tel.
0[049]-251-8334164
Fax:
0[049]-251-8334143
E-mail:
landwehr@uni-wuppertal.de
Ausbildung /
Academic career
1976 Dipl.-Psych. (Diplom-Psychologe) Universität Bonn, Psychologisches Institut
1980 Dr.
phil. (Doktor der Philosophie) Universität Bonn, Philosophische Fakultät
1988 Assoc.Prof. (Associate
Professor) Chiba University, Chiba,
Japan
1996 PD (Privatdozent [Psychologie]) Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich
Erziehungswissenschaften
Förderung /
Scholarships
1976 - 1977 Graduiertenförderung der Universität Bonn
1977 - 1979 Promotionsförderung der Studienstiftung des
deutschen Volkes
1992 Research Fellowship, Science and
Technology Agency of Japan / Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Bundesrepublik
Deutschland
Beschäftigung /
Academic and professional employment
1979 - 1980 Vertreter der Stelle eines
Hochschulassistenten, Universität Bonn,
Psychologisches Institut
1980 – 1982 Wissenschaftlicher Angestellter, Universität
Bonn, Psychologisches Institut
1982 – 1987 Wissenschaftlicher Angestellter, Universität
Bielefeld, Fakultät für
Psychologie und
Sportwissenschaft
1988 – 1990 Associate Professor, College of Arts and
Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
1990 - 1993 Wissenschaftlicher Angestellter,
Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich
Erziehungswissenschaften
1992 Research Fellow, International
Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences (IATSS), Tokyo, Japan
1993 – 1994 Vertreter der Stelle eines Hochschullehrers,
Universität Wuppertal,
Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften
1995 - 1997 Lehrbeauftragter (seit 1996
Privatdozent), Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich
Erziehungswissenschaften
1997 - 1998 Projektleiter, Volkshochschule Hagen
1998 - 2000 Vertreter der Stelle eines
Hochschullehrers und Lehrbeauftragter, Universität Bonn
2001 - 2002 Vertreter der Stelle eines
Hochschullehrers, Universität Münster
Lehre / Teaching
1979 – 1983 Universität
Bonn, Diplom-Studiengang Psychologie
Wissenschaftstheorie;
Experimentelle Psychologie; Allgemeine Psychologie: Wahrnehmung, Denken;
Motivation, Emotion; Persönlichkeitspsychologie
1982 - 1987 Universität
Bielefeld, Psychologie im Nebenfach und im
Erziehungswissenschaftlichen
Begleitstudium
Wissenschaftstheorie;
Allgemeine Psychologie: Wahrnehmung, Denken; Lernen; Umweltpsychologie
1988 – 1990 Chiba
University, College of Arts and Sciences, Chiba, Japan
Introductory psychology;
Experimental psychology; Perception
1990 – 1997 Universität
Wuppertal, Diplom-Studiengang Psychologie und Psychologie im Nebenfach
Experimentelle
Psychologie; Allgemeine Psychologie: Wahrnehmung, Denken, Sprache;
Entwicklungspsychologie
1998 - 2000 Universität
Bonn, Diplom-Studiengang Psychologie
Entwicklungspsychologie;
Pädagogische Psychologie; Gesundheitspsychologie
2001 - 2002 Universität
Münster, Diplom-Studiengang Psychologie und Psychologie im Nebenfach
Methodenlehre;
Experimentelle Psychologie; Allgemeine Psychologie: Wahrnehmung, Motivation
Vorträge /
Presentations at International Conferences
1984 On the minimal stimulus information for
something to be seen. 23rd International
Congress of Psychology. Acapulco, Mexico: Congress Center.
1985 A new method for improving architectural
design - based on J.J. Gibson's ecological approach to visual perception
[Workshop]. EDRA 16, Environmental Design
Research Association. New York, NY: Graduate Center, City University
[supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft].
1985 A grammar of optical stimulus information
specifying "depth" and ordinal spatial layout of all possible
surfaces on earth during ambient daylight illumination and in the night
[Poster]. 3rd International Conference
"Event Perception and Action". Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala
University.
1988 (Conference Co-Organizer) Affordances. International Colloquium "Affordances
& Semiotics". Urbino, Italy: Centro Internazionale di Semiotica e
Linguistica.
1989 (Symposium Organizer) The ecology of
surfaces and surface layouts and how to study it. 5th International Conference "Event Perception and Action".
Oxford, OH: Miami University [supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education].
1992 Gibson, Wittgenstein, and the picture
definition problem. Centennial
Convention, American Psychological Association. Washington, DC [invited by
the Program Chair, Division 10 - Psychology and the Arts, American
Psychological Association].
1995 "Perception" / congruence. 3rd Congress, International Society for the
Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry. Alexandria, VA: Old Colony Inn.
Ausgewählte
Veröffentlichungen / Selected publications
1979 Dispositionen, die
"reasons-causes"-Debatte und die "is-ought"-Frage
[Dispositions, the "reasons-causes" debate and the
"is-ought" question]. In H. Berghel, A. Hübner & E. Köhler
(Eds.), Wittgenstein, der Wiener Kreis
und der Kritische Rationalismus - Wittgenstein,
the Vienna circle, and critical rationalism (pp. 315-317). Wien:
Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky.
1983 On taking Skinner on his own terms:
comments on Wessells' critique of Skinner's view of cognitive theories. Behaviorism, 11, 187-191. [Reply: Wessells, M.G. (1983). Unusual terminology or
unusual metatheory: A reply to Professor Landwehr. Behaviorism, 11,
193-197.]
1986 Die ökologische Auffüllung der Welt I -
Ein Vergleich der Prinzipien der Analyse optischer Stimulus-Information in der
Gestalttheorie und in der ökologischen Optik [The ecological assembling of the
world I - A comparison of the principles of analysis of optical stimulus
information in Gestalt theory and in Ecological optics]. Gestalt Theory, 8,
186-203. [Extended English abstract: The
German Journal of Psychology, 11,
137-138.]
1988 Die ökologische Auffüllung der Welt II -
Homogenitäts-Inhomogenitäts-Übergänge im Ganzfeld [The ecological assembling of
the world II - Transitions between homogeneity and inhomogeneity in the Ganzfeld]. Gestalt Theory, 10,
21-34. [Extended English abstract: The
German Journal of Psychology, 13,
162-163.]
1990 (Editor) Ecological perception research, visual communication, and aesthetics.
Berlin: Springer. [Review: N.H. Freeman (1991). Perception, 20, 697-698.]
1991 Optical guidance revisited. In A.G. Gale,
I.D. Brown, C.M. Haslegrave, I. Moorhead, & S. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles III (pp. 187-194).
Amsterdam: North-Holland.
1992 (co-authored by G. Kebeck) Optical
magnification as event information.
Psychological Research - Psychologische Forschung, 54, 146-159.
1994 Straßenverkehrszeichen: Zeichen, Bilder
und Gegenstandstextur [Road traffic signs: signs, pictures, and object
texture]. In C. Dreyer, H. Espe, H. Kalkofen, I. Lempp, P. Pellegrino & R.
Posner (Eds.), Lebens-Welt: Zeichen-Welt.
Festschrift für Martin Krampen [Life
world: Sign world. Festschrift for Martin Krampen] (Vol. 2, pp. 711-758).
Lüneburg: Jansen.
1995 20 Jahre τ ! Forschung zur optischen
Spezifikation von Zeit [20 years of τ ! Research on the optical
specification of time]. In K. Pawlik (Ed.),
Bericht über den 39. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in
Hamburg 1994 [Proceedings of the 39th
Congress of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Hamburg 1994] (pp.
352-357). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
1997 Der optische Kanal [The optical channel].
In R. Posner, K. Robering & T.A. Sebeok (Eds.), Semiotik - Ein Handbuch zu den zeichentheoretischen Grundlagen von
Natur und Kultur [Semiotics - A
handbook on the sign-theoretic foundations of nature and culture] (Vol. 1,
pp. 288-294). Berlin: de Gruyter.
1998 Die
visuelle Wahrnehmung der Welt - Statische Betrachtungsbedingungen [The visual perception of the world - Static
viewing conditions]. Egelsbach: Verlag der Deutschen Hochschulschriften.
1998 Mentale Logik versus mentale Modelle -
wird die Kontroverse je entschieden werden [Mental logic versus mental models -
will the controversy ever be decided]?
Psychologische Rundschau, 49, 78-88.
Aktuelle Forschung
/ Current Research Topics
Texture: Mathematical analyses and perceptual
discriminability
Tilings, and their analyses in terms of symmetry groups, have recently received new attention from both,
mathematicians (particularly, Grünbaum & Shephard, 1987) and psychologists
(e.g., Kubovy & Wagemans, 1995). In Landwehr (1998a, p. 259), I conjecture
that any texture (save set-theoretic
fractals) be minimally decomposable into an overlay of, possibly
similarity-transformed, regular tilings
(including the lattices they are
based on), patterns (themselves
parasitic upon tilings), and "branching
patterns" (Stevens, 1974, p. 37; equivalent to tilings with
"hollow", or infinite tiles). Empirically, mathematical analyses
along these lines may or may not predict perceptual
discrimination. More specificly, knowledge
of the respective analyses may or may not support perception.
References:
Grünbaum,
B., & Shephard, G.C. (1987). Tilings
and patterns. New York: Freeman.
Kubovy,
M., & Wagemans, J. (1995). Grouping by proximity and multistability in dot
lattices: A quantitative Gestalt theory. Psychological
Science, 6, 225-234.
Landwehr,
K. (1998a). Die visuelle Wahrnehmung der
Welt: Statische Betrachtungsbedingungen [The visual perception of the world: Static viewing conditions] (pp.
220-260). Egelsbach: Verlag der Deutschen Hochschulschriften.
Stevens,
P.S. (1974). Patterns in nature.
Boston: Little & Brown.
Surface layout: Suggestive versus decisive information
Kalkofen and Strack
(1996) have reconsidered the traditional pictorial depth cues of interposition, relative size [of objects], and relative
height [of objects' figural lower edges] in the field of view (cf. Landwehr, 1990) in the light of a
semiotic analysis of ecological constraints. On the assumption that people look
at pictures with certain expectations about corresponding real-world surface
layouts in mind, the authors found that in fact subjects responded faster to
so-called "wellformed" scenes. In an extended commentary, solicited
to Kalkofen and Strack, I suggested to broaden the scope of the investigation
by considering more complex environments as well as other objects for which
expected size and ground-surface attachment may differ (Kalkofen & Strack
used playing cards seen against a tweed-like table cover).
The following
perceptual "rules" appear to be applicable (making different scenes
differently difficult to apprehend):
1. Given same size, if something looks larger, then it will truly be closer.
2a. Given the same ground surface
attachment below the horizon, if
something is located lower in the field of
view, then it will truly be closer.
2b. If something is floating above the horizon and lower in the field of view, then it will
truly be farther away.
3. If something is apparently occluded, then it will truly be farther away.
References:
Gibson,
J.J. (1979). The ecological approach to
visual perception. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Kalkofen,
H., & Strack, M. (1996). <Unmögliche> und <wohlgeformte> Szenen
- Syntaktik bei bildlichen Tiefenhinweisen [<Impossible> and
<wellformed> scenes - is there a syntax to pictorial depth cues]? In A. Schorr
(Ed.), Experimentelle Psychologie [Experimental psychology] (pp. 144-145).
Lengerich: Pabst.
Landwehr,
K. (1990). Decomposing optical stimulus information by pictures. In K. Landwehr
(Ed.), Ecological perception research,
visual communication, and aesthetics (pp. 57-69). New York: Springer.
Manuscripts:
Landwehr,
K. (1996). Letter to Kalkofen &
Strack.
Object motion: Nested events and discriminative
predictability
Kebeck and Landwehr
(1992) have introduced a paradigm for the study of object motion with impending
collisions between two objects and/or observer. Elaborating on this, I set up a
large-scale apparatus (7mx5m) consisting of nine trajectories,
five of them straight and converging to the observer's fixed station point, two
other ones also straight but receding from the observer, and two circular ones,
one circumscribing the observer, and the other one mirroring a segment of the
first. Hyperbolic trajectories have also been prepared for. The idea behind
this choice of trajectories is to control for the variable of "optical
magnification" at different distances and orientations to an observer, and
the variable's linear versus non-linear change. Differently textured spheres
are used as objects, where in some cases the presence of texture may specify
the object's trajectory. Subjects are treated to a partial exposure of complex
motion events, and at black-out they are requested to extrapolate events and predict
collisions. Additional variables to be investigated have been listed in a
comprehensive table [available by writing to the author].
References:
Kebeck,
G., & Landwehr, K. (1992). Optical magnification as event information. Psychological Research - Psychologische
Forschung, 54, 146-159.
Manuscripts:
Landwehr,
K., & Noguchi, K. (in preparation). Nested collisions: Optical information
in complex events.
Natural logic
Gentzen (1934), and
following him, Braine (1978), have developed what they deem(ed) to be
"natural logic", i.e., reasoning as it is actually being performed by
professional mathematicians (Gentzen) and/or laymen (Braine). While Gentzen
never bothered to empirically substantiate his claim, Braine went a long way to
bring his point home (cf. Landwehr, 1998b, for a review and references). S.
Thiel and I, however, felt that several aspects of Gentzen's original proposal
may not yet have been adequately investigated. In Landwehr (1998b) I raise
additional, unresolved questions.
References:
Braine,
M.D.S. (1978). On the relation between the natural logic of reasoning and
standard logic. Psychological Review,
85, 1-21.
Gentzen,
G. (1934). Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen I [Investigations about
logical inferences I]. Mathematische
Zeitschrift, 39, 176-221.
Landwehr,
K. (1998b). Mentale Logik versus mentale Modelle - wird die Kontroverse je
entschieden werden [Mental logic versus mental models - will the controversy
ever be decided]? Psychologische
Rundschau, 49, 78-88.
Landwehr,
K., & Thiel, S. (1995). Mathematische Logik und Alltagslogik - ein
Gegensatz? [Is there a
contrast between mathematical and common sense logic?]. In O. Güntürkün,
R. Guski, C. Walter, & A. Wohlschläger (Eds.), Experimentelle Psychologie: Beiträge zur 37. Tagung experimentell
arbeitender Psychologen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 9.-13.4.1995 (p. 231).
Regensburg: Roderer.
Manuskripte in
Vorbereitung / Manuscripts in preparation
A minimum
terminology for an axiomatized theory of perception
Distance-change
control [Review of research on object-motion perception]
Textured τ [To
appear in: Hecht, H., & Savelsbergh, G.J.P. (Eds.). Theories of
Time-to-Contact. Amsterdam: North-Holland]
Effects of texture
on perceived time-to-collision
Membership in
Academic Organizations
Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Fachgruppe Allgemeine Psychologie (DGPs, FG AL)
International
Society for Ecological Psychology (ISEP)
International
Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry (ISIS-Symmetry)
©
Klaus Landwehr